How will ADHD stimulants affect a teenager?

Tics

To get an accurate picture of side effects, we need to establish your child’s baseline before he starts taking the medication. For instance, some kids with ADHD have a hard time falling asleep to begin with. Some kids with ADHD are very picky eaters to begin with.

Sleep problems

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Clonidine (Catapres, Nexicon) and guanfacine (Tenex) are what is called alpha-adrenergic agonists. These medications were developed to lower high blood pressure, but at the doses we use to treat kids with ADHD they rarely affect blood pressure.

When a stimulant dose is too high for a child he may begin to look sedated or zombie-like, or tearful and irritable. If this happens we need to adjust the prescription until we find the right dose.

Extended release medicines can cause eating problems. These drugs peak about four hours after they’re taken. So some kids take the medication before breakfast and then find they lose their appetites at lunchtime.

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Stimulant medications can be very effective in reducing symptoms ofADHD, but some kids do experience uncomfortable or harmful side effects. When side effects become a problem, we try tochange the dosage, the release formula, or the type of medication your child is taking. The goal is to determine what will give him the most benefit, with the least side effects.

There are also some medicines we can try for sleep problems: Melatonin can be effective. Benadryl was commonly used until a decade ago, but it caused a hangover effect the next day, and kids did not feel as alert as they should.

Atomoxetine (sold as Strattera) is in a class of drugs called norepinephrinereuptake inhibitors. Norepinephrine is a natural substance in the brain that is needed to control behavior.

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The key problems to be on the lookout for:

Mood changes

It’s also important to note that there are two groups of ADHD medications, each based on a different stimulants:

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Delayed growth

Delayed growth

Of course we have to keep in mind that kids who have ADHD can also develop depression. In fact they are higher risk for developingmajor depressive disorder than other kids. The good news is that kids can be safely treated for both disorders at the same time, though we don’t recommend treating mood problems that are a side effect of stimulant meds with another medication.

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You may be able to help by encouraging your child to eat whenever he does feel hungry. He can have a good breakfast before the medicine has kicked in, and at the end of the day when the medicine is wearing off.

Headaches and stomachaches

Some children who take stimulant medication develop tics. When that happens, the first thing we might want to do is try a different stimulant, to see if another medication will work without the tics.

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Decreased appetite

Nausea and headaches

If this happens with your child, once again we can try switching to a different stimulant, since some kids react differently to those based on methylphenidate and those based on amphetamine. If that doesn’t work, a non-stimulant medication is a possibility.

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Eating issues

Two key factors in side effects

What’s happening is that the medication is leaving the receptors in the brain too quickly. One way to try to avoid rebound, if it’s a problem, is by adding a smaller dose a half hour before it usually happens, to help your child ease off the medication more gradually.

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Trouble going to sleep may also be caused by kids being too stimulated at bedtime—often by doing something on the computer—to calm themselves down. If the medication has worn off, it may be their ADHD keeping them awake.

These problems tend to dissipate within a few weeks of beginning medication, and can be minimized by having your child take the medication with food, and in some cases by changing the dosage or schedule.

If that doesn’t work, we may try a non-stimulant medication, which affects the brain in a different way. There are two types that can help alleviate symptoms of ADHD (though they aren’t as potent as stimulants) but are less likely to cause tics:

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Some parents describe something we call the “rebound effect.” After the medication wears off, their child becomes very irritable and aggressive. Sometimes parents tell me, “Every day at 4:30, I know it’s going to happen.”

Rebound

Moodiness and irritability

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Some children respond differently to those two groups of medications. Some even respond differently to different release formulas—the speed in which the medication goes into the blood stream—of the same basic medicine. Short-acting formulas are released immediately, and last about 4 hours. Long-acting formulas, which release the medication gradually, last up to 14 hours. So when children get unwanted side effects we often try switching medications and formulas.

But there is a small subset of kids with ADHD who seem to get moody and irritable when they take stimulant medications, even if we have the best possible dose. It usually happens right away, as soon as they start taking the medication, and goes away immediately when they stop taking it.

Tics

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If medication is keeping your child awake into the wee hours, it’s because the medication is still active at bedtime. If he’s taking a short-acting formula, it may mean that he is taking a second or third dose too late in the day, so it hasn’t worn off by bedtime. If he’s taking medication that lasts 12 or 14 hours, it may help to try one that’s not quite as long-acting.

Getting the right dosage is important for minimizing side effects. Stimulant medications work by bringing up the levels of two brain chemicals, dopamine and norepinephrine. If your child gets the right levels of dopamine and norepinephrine, he will be pretty focused. But if he gets too much, it can stress out the brain, and cause negative side effects.

If it’s a real problem for your child, breaks from medicines on holidays or weekends may help, or switch to the immediate-release tablets, which will wear off by lunch.

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methylphenidate-based medications: Ritalin, Methylin, Concerta, Metadate, Daytrana Patch

Some kids, particularly boys, grow more slowly when they’re taking stimulant medication, especially in first year. But studies show that by the second and third year they catch up, gaining the growth they’d be expected to have gaining. And boys who took weekend breaks and summer vacations from the medication didn’t show that decrease in growth in the first year.

dextroamphetamine-based medications: Adderall, Vyvanse, and Dexedrine.

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Sometimes rebound can be a sign that the dose is too high, and needs to be adjusted. It also may be an indication that this particular medicine doesn’t work well in your child’s body, and we may want to try a different medication or a different formula.

This side effect does not show up in girls.

Sleep problems

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Rebound (irritability when the medication wears off)

Sleep issues caused by the medication tend to get better over time, so it’s worth giving your child four to six weeks to see if he adjusts to what he’s taking.

Identifying existing problems helps us avoid blaming the medicine for problems that were already there.

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Lastly, with kids who rebound, we want to ask whether there might be something else going on. They might have underlying anxieties or mood issues that come into play when they come off their ADHD medicine. We don’t want to miss other things that could be muddying the equation.